There are more than 80 languages in China.
1. Chinese language refers to the language used by all ethnic groups within the scope of the people's Republic of China. China is a multi-ethnic, multi lingual and multi lingual country with 56 nationalities and more than 80 languages.
① The language of the Han nationality is Chinese, which belongs to the Sino Tibetan language family. It is not only the common language in China, but also one of the international common languages;
② Among the 55 ethnic minorities, 53 ethnic minorities use their own languages, except Hui and man, who use Chinese.
2. In accordance with the principle of "all nationalities in the people's Republic of China are equal", China has always adhered to the policy of language equality and actively maintained the diversity and harmony of languages.
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The basic features of Chinese language
1. On the one hand, Chinese language is a special culture. Different nations have different languages. Different languages represent different language customs. For example, Xiehouyu, which is formed due to the characteristics of Chinese, is the language customs of the Chinese nation. Different language customs reflect different ideas. The cultural differences caused by Chinese language have directly penetrated into people's lives and become a significant manifestation of Chinese society.
2. On the other hand, the macro and micro changes of Chinese language are closely related to other cultural events. Social politics and culture have a direct impact on the development and use of Chinese language, such as pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. Chinese language is the carrier of culture and promotes the development of other cultural events.
From the perspective of language families, the languages used by 56 ethnic groups in China belong to five major language families: Sino Tibetan language family, Altaic language family, Austronesian language family, South Asian language family and Indo European language family.
1. Sino Tibetan language family is divided into Chinese and Tibetan Burmese, Miao Yao, Zhuang Dong three language families. Tibetan, Jiarong, Menba, cangla, Luoba, Qiang, Pumi, Dulong, Jingpo, Yi, Susu, Hani, Lahu, Bai, Naxi, Jinuo, nusu, Arnon, rouruo, Tujia, Zaiwa, Achang and other languages belong to the Tibeto Burmese Language Group
Miao, Bunu, Mian, she and other languages belong to Miao Yao language group, while Zhuang, Buyi, Dai, Dong, Shui, Mulao, Maonan, Lajia, Li, Gelao and other languages belong to Zhuang Dong language group.
The term Sino Tibetan language family was put forward by French Jean prussius in 1924. It belongs to a kind of classification of language family. It generalizes the language family related to it with the name of Chinese and Tibetan. It is divided into Tibeto Burmese language family and Chinese language family. It is the general name of more than 400 languages. China is the country with the largest number of speakers of this language family, and most ethnic groups in China are Sino Tibetan.
2. Altaic language family is divided into Mongolian, Turkic and Manchu Tungusic. Mongolian, Daur, Dongxiang, Dongdong Yugu, Tu, Baoan and other languages belong to Mongolian language group; Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, Uzbek, Tatar, salar, Xibu Yugu, Tuwa and other languages belong to Turkic language group; Manchu, Xibe, Hezhe, Ewenki, Olunchun and other languages belong to Manchu Tungusic language group.
Altaic language family is a group of language groups divided by linguists according to the classification of language family (genealogical classification), including more than 60 languages. The population of this language family is about 250 million. This language family is mainly concentrated in Central Asia, Western Asia, northern Asia, the junction of humid and semi humid cold temperate coniferous forest and grassland in northern East Asia and Europe.
The language family is mainly formed by the integration of the local language and the language brought by the nomadic, semi nomadic, semi farming, semi fishing and hunting people in temperate forest and grassland in each period. Altaic language family includes Mongolian language family, Turkic language family and Tungusic language family. It is mainly distributed in Central Asia, West Asia, East Asia, Siberia and some countries in Eastern Europe.
3. The South Island language family is composed of Gaoshan languages and Huihui language of Hui nationality.
Austronesian language family is the only language family mainly distributed on islands in the world, including more than 1200 languages. Its distribution reaches Easter Island in the west of South America in the East, Madagascar in the west, New Zealand in the South and Taiwan in the north.
The distance between the East and the west is more than half of the circumference of the earth. The total population of this language family is about 250 million. Most of them live in Southeast Asia. As for the east of New Guinea, there are only more than one million people.
4. There are WA, De'ang, Bulang, Kemu and other languages in the South Asian language family.
South Asian language family is a linguistic term put forward by German William Schmidt in 1907. It is a combination of Latin "Auster" and "Asia", so it is "South Asia". The South Asian language family was formerly known as the mon Khmer language family. The representative languages of South Asian language family are Vietnamese, Khmer, Mon, Munda, Nicobar, etc.
As of 2017, 168 South Asian languages have been identified in ethnic languages, which are distributed in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and the southern border of China, with a total of about 117 million native speakers. Among these languages, only Vietnamese, Khmer and mon have a long history, and only Vietnamese and Khmer are the official languages of Vietnam and Cambodia respectively.
Kasi is Mandarin in India's Meghalaya state, while HOH and mondali are Mandarin in India's jhakand state. The main characteristics of the South Asian language family are that the consonant system is comprehensive, and there are obvious differences among unvoiced, voiced and stops.
5. The Indo European languages are Russian which belongs to Slavic language family and Tajik which belongs to Iranian language family. In addition, the lineage of Korean and Jingyu has not been determined.
Indo European language family is a political concept put forward by William Jones, a British in the 19th century. That is to say, most of the languages in India and Europe are differentiated from "primitive Indo European language". These languages have kinship and similarity with each other.
Today, the Indo European language family contains more than 400 languages, including English, German, French, Russian, Welsh, Greek, Hindi, Iranian, Albanian, Armenian, Baltic, etc.
Chinese language refers to the language used by all ethnic groups within the scope of the people's Republic of China. China is a multi-ethnic, multi lingual and multi lingual country, with 56 nationalities, more than 80 languages and 30 characters.
The Han nationality has its own language and writing. Chinese belongs to Sino Tibetan language family. It is not only the common language in China, but also one of the international common languages.
Chinese is the most widely used language in China and the world. It is one of the six official working languages of the United Nations. Chinese is the common language of Chinese people in China. In addition to 91.59% of the total population, some ethnic minorities also use Chinese.
Modern Chinese can be divided into standard language (Putonghua) and dialect. Putonghua takes Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and modern vernacular works as the grammatical norm. The law of the people's Republic of China on the national common language and writing promulgated on October 31, 2000 defines Putonghua as the national common language.
Chinese dialects are generally divided into eight Dialects: northern dialect, Wu dialect, Xiang dialect, Gan dialect, Hakka dialect, Yue Dialect, Northern Fujian Dialect and southern Fujian dialect. There are several dialects and many dialects in each dialect area. The northern dialect with the largest number of users is divided into four sub Dialects: Northern Mandarin, northwest Mandarin, Southwest Mandarin and Xiajiang Mandarin.